Primer On Pathogens

Single-Celled Parasite Toxoplasma Gondii

By CREM Co Labs Editorial Board2024-08-152024-10-10

Scientists are transforming Toxoplasma Gondii from an Adversary into an Ally

An international team of neurobiologists has developed a way to use a single-celled parasite Toxoplasma Gondii to deliver therapeutic proteins directly into brain cells. In this study published in Nature Microbiology, the researchers addressed the challenge of the brain’s selective permeability, which restricts treatment options for neurological conditions.

characterization of the heterogeneity of cyclospora

By CREM Co Labs Editorial Board2024-08-012024-10-10

Researchers at the Center for Disease Control & Prevention Characterized the Heterogeneity of Cyclospora

A recent study funded by AMD and conducted by the CDC’s Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria revealed that Cyclospora cayetanensis is actually comprised of at least three distinct yet closely related single-celled organisms. Cyclosporiasis, a serious intestinal illness caused by the parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis, is linked to contaminated fresh fruits like raspberries.

By CREM Co Labs Editorial Board2024-07-042024-10-10

Survival of Mpox Viruses in the Air and on Surfaces

Mpox virus, also known as the Monkeypox virus, is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus classified within the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. Monkeypox infection causes a milder illness compared to smallpox, consisting of an influenza-like prodrome followed by a distinctive vesiculopustular rash. Although Mpox primarily spread through close human contact, it can also be transmitted from contaminated surfaces and via indoor air.

By CREM Co Labs Editorial Board2024-06-252024-09-16

Microbial Contaminants in Plant-Based Ingredients with prevalence of spore-forming microbes: Insights from a Comprehensive Study

A recent collaborative effort between NIZO Food Research and Wageningen University and Research (WUR) has shed light on the presence of microbial contaminants within 88 diverse plant-based ingredients used in dairy alternatives. The study identified a significant variation in the level of contamination, with a worrying prevalence of spore-forming microbes in many samples.

By CREM Co Labs Editorial Board2024-05-152024-05-16

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus

The circulation of the highly pathogenic avian influenzavirus (HPAI) H5N1 has intensified globally since 2021 with mass mortality in wild birds and poultry and incidental infections in mammals such as cattle.
The virus is a subtype of the influenza A virus belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae which consists of viruses with a negative single-stranded RNA genome. The genome has eight segments encoding at least 11 different proteins, including hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins.

By CREM Co Labs Editorial Board2024-04-102024-04-10

Measles outbreaks: An alarming drop in vaccine uptake

Measles virus, a human pathogen, is in the genus Morbillivirus. It is an enveloped, single-stranded, non-segmented, negative-sense RNA virus. Its virions are pleomorphic (roughly spherical) in shape with a diameter of 300–500 nm. Parainfluenza and mumps viruses are within the genus Paramyxovirus, and the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and metapneumovirus are within the genus Pneumovirus.

By CREM Co Labs Editorial Board2024-03-272024-03-27

Legislation in Canada Prohibiting Animal Testing and Trade in Cosmetics now Enacted into Law

Canada's ban prohibiting cosmetics animal testing and trade is enacted into law and has been into effect since December 22. This legislation which was enacted as part of the Budget Implementation Act (Bill C-47) in June 2023, bans cosmetic animal testing and the sale of products relying on new animal testing data to establish safety. It also prevents misleading labeling regarding animal testing for cosmetics.

By CREM Co Labs Editorial Board2024-03-142024-08-07

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs): A major cause of cancer beaten by pre-screening and vaccination!

Papillomaviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses with a particle diameter of about 55 nanometers (nm). They can infect the skin as well as the epithelium in all vertebrates including humans. Warts are a common form of HPV infection. Certain types of HPV can also cause carcinomas including those of the male (penis) and female (cervix) genitalia.

By CREM Co Labs Editorial Board2024-02-282024-03-27

Culturing Human Norovirus in Zebrafish Embryos: A revolution in the study of a refractory human pathogen!

Researchers from the National University of Singapore have recently found a revolutionary method to grow human norovirus (HuNoV) in zebrafish embryos (1). HuNoV, a common and worldwide cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis, has been refractory to culture in vitro as well as in vivo. The use of zebrafish embryos for HuNoV culture promises to an important breakthrough.

By CREM Co Labs Editorial Board2024-01-172024-03-27

Enteroviruses: Tiny but versatile pathogens

The genus ‘Enterovirus’[1] belongs to the family Picornaviridae (‘pico’ meaning small) which comprises of icosahedral viruses (~30 nm in diameter) with single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes. As of 2020 (http://taxonomy.cvr.gla.ac.uk/PDF/Picornaviridae.pdf), the family contained 63 genera and 147 species, with many others still awaiting classification.

By CREM Co Labs Editorial Board2023-12-192024-03-27

Adenoviruses – Prolific Pathogens

Adenoviruses (from Latin adenos meaning 'gland') are icosahedral (about 90 nm in diam.), nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses with a wide host range (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish). Characteristic antennae-like fibers protrude from the virion surface give them the appearance of miniature satellites. Virus replication occurs inside the nucleus of infected cells.

By CREM Co Labs Editorial Board2023-11-232024-01-04

Influenzaviruses: The Microbial Chameleons

Influenza or the flu, a highly contagious respiratory illness, is caused by a group of enveloped, RNA-containing viruses with virions of circular (~100 nm in diam.) or filamentous (~300 nm in length) appearance. They can be zoonotic in nature as they can also infect many species of wild (e.g., aquatic birds) and domesticated animals

By CREM Co Labs Editorial Board2023-10-112024-03-27

Smallpox – A dreaded disease eradicated, but what about its causative agent?

Undeniably, smallpox was among the most dreaded of all infectious diseases! It killed millions around the world each year. As nearly 80% of those infected would die, parents dared not count their children as their own until they had survived the regular and inevitable outbreaks of the infection.

By wpadmin3@timadev.com2023-09-272023-09-27

Noroviruses – Tiny yet powerful and unique pathogens!

Even among other viruses, human noroviruses (HNV) are small (~27 nm), but they pack a powerful pathogenic punch! Globally, they sicken nearly 300 million people every year with acute gastroenteritis (diarrhea and vomiting), and kill approximately 200,000, mainly as a result of severe dehydration.

By wpadmin3@timadev.com2023-07-052024-03-27

Lessons from Covid-19 Pandemic: The Importance of Hand Hygiene in Preventing the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Domestic Settings

We are all familiar with the potential of indoor air to spread SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. While we are also urged to decontaminated our hands as a preventive measure against the virus, studies in support of the effectiveness of hand hygiene against virus spread have been lacking.

By wpadmin3@timadev.com2023-06-132023-08-18

Monkeypox (mpox) Virus in Humans

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